Nanotechnology is a pasture of applied science and technology covering a wide range of topics. The main unifying premise is the control of matter on a scale smaller than 1 micrometer, normally between 1-100 nanometers, as well as the manufacture of devices on this same length scale. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as colloidal science, device physics, and supra molecular chemistry. Much hypothesis exists as to what new science and technology might result from these lines of research. Some view nanotechnology as a marketing term that describes pre-existing lines of research applied to the sub-micron size scale.
In spite of the apparent ease of this definition, nanotechnology actually encompasses diverse lines of inquiry. Nanotechnology cuts across many disciplines, together with colloidal science, chemistry, applied physics, materials science, and even mechanical and electrical engineering. It could variously be seen as an extension of existing sciences into the Nanoscale, or as a recasting of existing sciences using a newer, more recent term. Two major approaches are used in nanotechnology: one is a "bottom-up" approach where materials and devices are built from molecular components which gather themselves chemically using principles of molecular gratitude; the other being a "top-down" approach where nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.
Sunday, April 29, 2007
Monday, April 23, 2007
Dot matrix printer
Not like a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced. Because the printing involves mechanical pressure, these printers can create carbon copies and carbonless copies. A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter.
Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a "wire" or "pin", which uses the power of a tiny electromagnet or solenoid to drive it forward, either directly or through small levers. Facing the ribbon and the paper is a small guide plate pierced with holes to serve as guides for the pins. The moving portion of the printer is called the print head, and prints one line of text at a time. Most dot matrix printers have a single vertical line of dot-making equipment on their print heads; others have a few interleaved rows in order to improve dot density.
These machines can be highly hard-wearing, but eventually wear out. Ink invades the guide plate of the print head, causing grit to adhere to it; this grit slowly causes the channels in the guide plate to wear from circles into ovals or slots, given that less and less accurate guidance to the printing wires. After about a million characters, even with tungsten blocks and titanium pawls, the printing becomes too indistinct to read.
Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a "wire" or "pin", which uses the power of a tiny electromagnet or solenoid to drive it forward, either directly or through small levers. Facing the ribbon and the paper is a small guide plate pierced with holes to serve as guides for the pins. The moving portion of the printer is called the print head, and prints one line of text at a time. Most dot matrix printers have a single vertical line of dot-making equipment on their print heads; others have a few interleaved rows in order to improve dot density.
These machines can be highly hard-wearing, but eventually wear out. Ink invades the guide plate of the print head, causing grit to adhere to it; this grit slowly causes the channels in the guide plate to wear from circles into ovals or slots, given that less and less accurate guidance to the printing wires. After about a million characters, even with tungsten blocks and titanium pawls, the printing becomes too indistinct to read.
Thursday, April 19, 2007
Croydon Airport
Croydon Airport is in south London on the borders of the London Boroughs of Croydon and Sutton. It was once the main airport for London, before it was replaced by Northolt Aerodrome, London Heathrow Airport and London Gatwick Airport.It originated as two adjacent World War I airfields. Beddington Aerodrome, one of a number of small airfields around London which had been formed for protection against the Zeppelin raids in about May 1915, and Waddon Aerodrome of 1918, a test-flight aerodrome adjoining National Aircraft Factory No1.At the end of that war, the two airfields were joint into London's official airport as the gateway for all international flights to and from the capital. Croydon Aerodrome opened on 29 March 1920.It stimulated a increase in regular scheduled flights carrying passengers, mail and freight, the first destinations being Paris, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. In 1923 Berlin flights were added. It was the operating base for Imperial Airways - remembered in the road name Imperial Way on the site today.In the mid 1920s, the airfield was extended, some adjacent roads being permanently closed to allow heavier airliners to land and depart safely. A new complex of buildings was constructed adjoining Purley Way, including the first purpose-designed air terminal in the world, the Aerodrome Hotel and extensive hangars, all opening on 2 May 1928.The terminal building, the booking hall inside it with its gallery balustraded in the geometrical design typical of the period, and the Aerodrome hotel were all built in the Art Deco style of the 1920s and 1930s. A further item that caught the eye of visitor and traveller alike was the time zone tower in the booking hall with its dials depicting the times in different parts of the world.The aerodrome was known the world over, its fame being spread by the many aviators and pioneers who touched down at Croydon.
Tuesday, April 10, 2007
Postage Stamp
A postage stamp is proof of pre-paying a fee for postal services. Usually a small paper rectangle which is attached to an envelope, signifying that the person sending the letter or package has paid for delivery; it is the most popular option to using a prepaid-postage envelope.
History
In it he argued that it would be well again for the sender to pay the cost of delivery, rather than the addressee who could refuse the letter if they could not or did not want to pay, as occasionally happened at the time. He also argued for a identical rate of one penny per letter, no matter where its end. Accounting costs for the government would thus be cut; postage would no longer be charged according to how far a letter had traveled, which necessary each letter to have an individual entry in the Royal Mail's accounts. Chalmers' ideas were finally adopted by Parliament in August, 1839 and the General Post Office launched the Penny Post service the next year in 1840 with two prepaid-postage symbolic envelopes or wrappers: one valued at a penny and one valued at two pence.
History
In it he argued that it would be well again for the sender to pay the cost of delivery, rather than the addressee who could refuse the letter if they could not or did not want to pay, as occasionally happened at the time. He also argued for a identical rate of one penny per letter, no matter where its end. Accounting costs for the government would thus be cut; postage would no longer be charged according to how far a letter had traveled, which necessary each letter to have an individual entry in the Royal Mail's accounts. Chalmers' ideas were finally adopted by Parliament in August, 1839 and the General Post Office launched the Penny Post service the next year in 1840 with two prepaid-postage symbolic envelopes or wrappers: one valued at a penny and one valued at two pence.
Friday, April 06, 2007
Clock face
100 A clock faces is the part of an analog clock that tells time from side to side the use of a fixed numbered dial or dials and moving hand or hands. Typically, the dial is numbered 1-12 representative the hours in a 12-hour cycle. The term face is also used for the time display on digital clocks and watches.
Certain clocks have 24-hour analog displays and are noticeable consequently. Some special purpose clocks, such darkroom timers and sporting occasion clocks are designed for measuring periods less than one hour. Clocks can indicate the hour with roman numerals or Arabic numerals. The two numbering systems have also been used in mixture with the prior representing the hour and the later the minute. Long case clocks typically use Roman numerals for the hours. Clocks using only Arabic numerals first began to appear in the mid-18th century. In some instances, mainly in the case of watches, the numbers are replaced with undifferentiated hour markings. Infrequently markings of any sort are dispensed with. The face of the Movado "Museum Watch" is known for a single dot at the 12 o'clock position.
Historical and Stylistic Development
Before the late 15th century, a fixed hand indicated the hour by pointing to rotating numbers. Minute hands only came into use in the late 17th century after the discovery of the pendulum allowed for increased accuracy in time telling. Until the last quarter of the 17th century hour markings were etched into metal faces and the recesses filled with black wax. Subsequently, higher contrast and improved readability was achieved with white enamel plaques painted with black numbers. Initially, the numbers were printed on small, individual plaques mounted on a brass substructure. This was not a stylistic decision; rather enamel production technology had not yet achieved the skill to create large pieces of enamel. The "13 piece face" was an early attempt to create an completely white enamel face. As the name suggests, it was composed of 13 enamel plaques: 12 numbered wedges en suite around a circle. The first single piece enamel faces, not unlike those in production today, began to appear c. 1735.
Certain clocks have 24-hour analog displays and are noticeable consequently. Some special purpose clocks, such darkroom timers and sporting occasion clocks are designed for measuring periods less than one hour. Clocks can indicate the hour with roman numerals or Arabic numerals. The two numbering systems have also been used in mixture with the prior representing the hour and the later the minute. Long case clocks typically use Roman numerals for the hours. Clocks using only Arabic numerals first began to appear in the mid-18th century. In some instances, mainly in the case of watches, the numbers are replaced with undifferentiated hour markings. Infrequently markings of any sort are dispensed with. The face of the Movado "Museum Watch" is known for a single dot at the 12 o'clock position.
Historical and Stylistic Development
Before the late 15th century, a fixed hand indicated the hour by pointing to rotating numbers. Minute hands only came into use in the late 17th century after the discovery of the pendulum allowed for increased accuracy in time telling. Until the last quarter of the 17th century hour markings were etched into metal faces and the recesses filled with black wax. Subsequently, higher contrast and improved readability was achieved with white enamel plaques painted with black numbers. Initially, the numbers were printed on small, individual plaques mounted on a brass substructure. This was not a stylistic decision; rather enamel production technology had not yet achieved the skill to create large pieces of enamel. The "13 piece face" was an early attempt to create an completely white enamel face. As the name suggests, it was composed of 13 enamel plaques: 12 numbered wedges en suite around a circle. The first single piece enamel faces, not unlike those in production today, began to appear c. 1735.
Monday, April 02, 2007
Sunglasses
Sunglasses are a kind of visual correction aid, variously termed spectacles or glasses, which feature lenses that are coloured or darkened to screen out strong light from the eyes.Many people find direct sunlight too bright to be comfortable, particularly when reading from paper on which the sun directly shines. In outdoor activities like skiing and flying, the eye can receive more light than usual. It has been recommended to wear these kind of glasses on sunny days to protect the eyes from ultraviolet radiation, which can lead to the development of a cataract. Sunglasses have also been linked with celebrities and film actors mainly due to the desire to mask identity, but in part due to the lighting involved in production being typically stronger than natural light and uncomfortable to the naked eye.Augusto Pinochet sits with sunglasses in the front of the Chilean JuntaContents
Thursday, March 29, 2007
British coinage
Obverse and turn around of ordinary coins in current movement, £2, £1, 50p, 20p, 10p, 5p, 2p and 1pThe British currency was decimalized on February 15, 1971. The basic unit of currency – the Pound – was unchanged. Previous to decimalization there were 240 pennies in a pound, now there are 100 new pence. The new coins were noticeable with the wording "New Penny" or "New Pence" to discriminate them from the old. The word new was drop after ten years. The representation p was also adopted to tell apart the new pennies from the old, which used the sign d.
The initial pound coin was introduced in 1983 to replace the Bank of England £1 banknote which was discontinues in 1984. A circulating bimetallic £2 coin was also introduced in 1998– there had until that time been remembrance £2 coins which did not normally circulate. The total amount of coinage in exchange is approximately three and a quarter billion pounds, of which the £1 and £2 coins account for almost two billion pounds.
Every year, newly mint coins are checkered for size, weight, and work of art at a Trial of the Pyx. Fundamentally the same process has been used since the thirteenth century. Assay is now done by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths on behalf of HM Treasury.
The initial pound coin was introduced in 1983 to replace the Bank of England £1 banknote which was discontinues in 1984. A circulating bimetallic £2 coin was also introduced in 1998– there had until that time been remembrance £2 coins which did not normally circulate. The total amount of coinage in exchange is approximately three and a quarter billion pounds, of which the £1 and £2 coins account for almost two billion pounds.
Every year, newly mint coins are checkered for size, weight, and work of art at a Trial of the Pyx. Fundamentally the same process has been used since the thirteenth century. Assay is now done by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths on behalf of HM Treasury.
The Honda History
In 1997 Honda begins produce a street-oriented GT motorcycle using an in history significant name: Super hawk. The earlier Super hawk was a similar twin motorcycle that Robert M. Pirsing rides in "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance". The unique Super hawk was a profitable achievement, therefore the name being recycled. The new Super hawk was introduced after the Ducati 916 made V-twin sport bikes popular again. The fresh Super hawk uses an all new 90 degree V-twin. The bike bring in a number of fresh design concept such as the "pivot less frame", side radiators, single cast engine case, connecting rods with cap screw in its place of nuts, and the major carburetors Honda ever put on a motorcycle. "Pivot less frame" inevitable that engine was a harassed member with the swing arm bolted directly to the engine. The bike was released in 1997 as an early release 1998 model year. One motorcycle magazine recommended that this bike was the fastest 0-60 mph manufacture bike at the time. A racing version of the bike was predictable from Honda. Honda formed in 2000 the RVT1000R known outside the United States as the VTR1000SP, although the bike had only four engine parts in common with the modern Super hawk. The RC51 was an completely new V-twin racing platform that won the World Super bike championship its first year race through Colin Edwards and the Castrol team.
Friday, March 23, 2007
Longships
Longships, langskip or drakkar were boats used by the Scandinavians and Saxons for their raids on costal and inland settelments. They were the epitome of Scandinavian military power and ranked extremely as precious material possessions.
The longship was a long, narrow, light boat with shallow draft, with oars along approximately the entire length of the boat. Later versions sported a rectangular sail on a single mast to augment the rowers particularly during longer journeys. In combat the variabilily of wind power made rowers the chief means of propulsion. virtually all longships were clinker built and waterproofed by moss drenched in tar. The ship's low mass and shallow keel permitted navigation in waters just 1 meter deep, rapid beaching when landing on beaches, and portage over land.
Construction
Our best evidence for longship building comes from ship-burials. It was common in Viking society for kings to be buried under a long burial mound in a ship with rich possessions. The Oseberg ship burial in Norway and the Anglo Saxon longship of Sutton Hoo in England are both good examples.
Longships were extraordinarily narrow for their length compared to modern standards The main discovered longship (at Roskilde harbor) is 35m in length, and the longship from Hedeby harbour has the largest length/width proportion: 11.4 to 1. However, later longships, optimized for sailing, had lower ratios, often 1 to 7 or even 1 to 5.
In contrast, Scandinavian trade ships or knarrs were built deeper and broader to accommodate bulkier cargo, and were more reliant on sails. A similar relationship may be seen in Mediterranean galleys, which are now and then called longships as well, and their merchant vessels, which were roundships.
Rectangular sails made of wool strengthened by leather were introduced later. Under sail, longships were very fast, achieving speeds of 14 knots. They were also extremely seaworthy, but, being essentially open boats, not very habitable. However, this did not stop early Scandinavian explorers from discovering and settling in Iceland, Greenland, and Canada, all well before Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas in 1492.
The longship was a long, narrow, light boat with shallow draft, with oars along approximately the entire length of the boat. Later versions sported a rectangular sail on a single mast to augment the rowers particularly during longer journeys. In combat the variabilily of wind power made rowers the chief means of propulsion. virtually all longships were clinker built and waterproofed by moss drenched in tar. The ship's low mass and shallow keel permitted navigation in waters just 1 meter deep, rapid beaching when landing on beaches, and portage over land.
Construction
Our best evidence for longship building comes from ship-burials. It was common in Viking society for kings to be buried under a long burial mound in a ship with rich possessions. The Oseberg ship burial in Norway and the Anglo Saxon longship of Sutton Hoo in England are both good examples.
Longships were extraordinarily narrow for their length compared to modern standards The main discovered longship (at Roskilde harbor) is 35m in length, and the longship from Hedeby harbour has the largest length/width proportion: 11.4 to 1. However, later longships, optimized for sailing, had lower ratios, often 1 to 7 or even 1 to 5.
In contrast, Scandinavian trade ships or knarrs were built deeper and broader to accommodate bulkier cargo, and were more reliant on sails. A similar relationship may be seen in Mediterranean galleys, which are now and then called longships as well, and their merchant vessels, which were roundships.
Rectangular sails made of wool strengthened by leather were introduced later. Under sail, longships were very fast, achieving speeds of 14 knots. They were also extremely seaworthy, but, being essentially open boats, not very habitable. However, this did not stop early Scandinavian explorers from discovering and settling in Iceland, Greenland, and Canada, all well before Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas in 1492.
Monday, March 19, 2007
Helicopter
A helicopter is an aircraft which is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors (propellers). Helicopters are classified as rotary-wing aircraft to differentiate them from conventional fixed-wing aircraft. The word helicopter is resulting from the Greek words helix (spiral) and pteron (wing). The engine-driven helicopter was invented by the Slovak inventor Jan Bahyl. The first stable, fully-controllable helicopter located in production was invented by Igor Sikorsky.
Compared to conventional fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters are much more complex, more expensive to buy and operate, comparatively slow, have shorter range and restricted payload. The compensating advantage is maneuverability: helicopters can hover in place, reverse, and above all take off and land vertically. Subject only to refuelling facilities and load/altitude limitations, a helicopter can travel to any location, and land wherever with a clearing a rotor disk and a half in diameter
Compared to conventional fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters are much more complex, more expensive to buy and operate, comparatively slow, have shorter range and restricted payload. The compensating advantage is maneuverability: helicopters can hover in place, reverse, and above all take off and land vertically. Subject only to refuelling facilities and load/altitude limitations, a helicopter can travel to any location, and land wherever with a clearing a rotor disk and a half in diameter
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
Baking powder
Baking Powder is a dry chemical leavening agent used in baking and deodorizing. There are some formulations; all contain an alkali, characteristically sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), and an acid in the form of salt crystals, together by means of starch to keep it dry. When dissolved in water the acid and alkali react and emit carbon dioxide gas, which expands existing bubbles to leaven the mixture. Most current baking powders are double acting, that is, they have two acid salts, one which reacts at room temperature, producing a rise as soon as the dough or batter is ready, and another which reacts at a higher temperature, causing a additional rise during baking. Baking powders that have only the low-temperature acid salts are called single acting. Many recipes call for a process called creaming, where butter and sugar are beaten together to initiate tiny seed bubbles which the leavening gas will more expand.
Common low-temperature acid salts comprise cream of tartar, calcium phosphate, and citrate. High-temperature acid salts are regularly aluminium salts, such as calcium aluminum phosphate. They can be establish not only in many baking powders, but also in many non-dairy coffee creamers. Excess aluminium in the diet may be detrimental to human health, and so baking powders are available without it for people who are concerned and those sensitive to the taste.
While a variety of baking powders were sold in the first half of the 19th century, our modern variants were exposed by Alfred Bird. Eben Norton Horsford, a student of Justus von Liebig, who began his studies on baking powder in 1856, ultimately developed a variety he named in honor of Count Rumford. August Oetker, a German pharmacist, made baking powder very popular when he began selling his mixture to housewives. The same recipe he produced in 1891 is still sold as Backin in Germany. Oetker started the mass production of baking powder in 1898 and patented his technique in 1903.
Common low-temperature acid salts comprise cream of tartar, calcium phosphate, and citrate. High-temperature acid salts are regularly aluminium salts, such as calcium aluminum phosphate. They can be establish not only in many baking powders, but also in many non-dairy coffee creamers. Excess aluminium in the diet may be detrimental to human health, and so baking powders are available without it for people who are concerned and those sensitive to the taste.
While a variety of baking powders were sold in the first half of the 19th century, our modern variants were exposed by Alfred Bird. Eben Norton Horsford, a student of Justus von Liebig, who began his studies on baking powder in 1856, ultimately developed a variety he named in honor of Count Rumford. August Oetker, a German pharmacist, made baking powder very popular when he began selling his mixture to housewives. The same recipe he produced in 1891 is still sold as Backin in Germany. Oetker started the mass production of baking powder in 1898 and patented his technique in 1903.
Thursday, March 08, 2007
Assam tea
Assam is a black tea named after the region of its manufacturing:(Assam, India). This tea grown-up at sea level is known for its body, briskness, malty flavor, and strong, bright color. Assam teas, or blends containing Assam, are often sold as "breakfast" teas. English Breakfast tea, Irish Breakfast tea, and Scottish Breakfast Tea are ordinary trade names.
Though "Assam" in general denotes the distinctive black teas from Assam, the region produces relatively smaller quantities of green and white teas as well with their own distinctive characteristics.
Historically, Assam is the second commercial tea making region after China. China and Assam are the only two regions in the world by means of native tea plants. Assam tea revolutionized tea drinking habits in the 19th century since the tea, produced from a different range of the tea plant, yielded a different kind of tea.
Though "Assam" in general denotes the distinctive black teas from Assam, the region produces relatively smaller quantities of green and white teas as well with their own distinctive characteristics.
Historically, Assam is the second commercial tea making region after China. China and Assam are the only two regions in the world by means of native tea plants. Assam tea revolutionized tea drinking habits in the 19th century since the tea, produced from a different range of the tea plant, yielded a different kind of tea.
Sunday, March 04, 2007
Honey formation
Honey is laid by bees as a food source. In cold weather or when food sources are scarce, bees use their stored honey as their source of energy. By contriving for the bee group to make its home in a hive, people have been able to semi-domesticate the insects. In the hive there are three types of bee: the single queen bee, a seasonally variable number of drone bees to fertilize new queens and some 20,000 to 40,000 worker bees. The worker bees raise larvae and collect the nectar that will happen to honey in the hive. They go out, collect the sugar-rich flower nectar and return to the hive. As they leave the flower, bees release Nasonov pheromones. These enable other bees to find their way to the site by smell. Honeybees also release Nasonov pheromones at the entrance to the hive, which enables returning bees to return to the proper hive. In the hive the bees use their "honey stomachs" to ingest and repeat the nectar a number of times until it is partially digested. It is then stored in the honeycomb. Nectar is high in both water content and natural yeasts which, unchecked, would reason the sugars in the nectar to ferment. After the final regurgitation, the honeycomb is left unsealed. Bees inside the hive fan their wings, creating a strong draft across the honeycomb. This enhances evaporation of much of the water from the nectar. The lessening in water content, which raises the sugar concentration, prevents fermentation. Ripe honey, as removed from the hive by the beekeeper, has a long shelf life and will not ferment.
The beekeeper encourages overproduction of honey within the hive so that the excess can be taken without endangering the bees. When sources of foods for the bees are short the beekeeper may have to feed the bees other forms of sugar so they can survive.
Honey is laid by bees as a food source. In cold weather or when food sources are scarce, bees use their stored honey as their source of energy. By contriving for the bee group to make its home in a hive, people have been able to semi-domesticate the insects. In the hive there are three types of bee: the single queen bee, a seasonally variable number of drone bees to fertilize new queens and some 20,000 to 40,000 worker bees. The worker bees raise larvae and collect the nectar that will happen to honey in the hive. They go out, collect the sugar-rich flower nectar and return to the hive. As they leave the flower, bees release Nasonov pheromones. These enable other bees to find their way to the site by smell. Honeybees also release Nasonov pheromones at the entrance to the hive, which enables returning bees to return to the proper hive. In the hive the bees use their "honey stomachs" to ingest and repeat the nectar a number of times until it is partially digested. It is then stored in the honeycomb. Nectar is high in both water content and natural yeasts which, unchecked, would reason the sugars in the nectar to ferment. After the final regurgitation, the honeycomb is left unsealed. Bees inside the hive fan their wings, creating a strong draft across the honeycomb. This enhances evaporation of much of the water from the nectar. The lessening in water content, which raises the sugar concentration, prevents fermentation. Ripe honey, as removed from the hive by the beekeeper, has a long shelf life and will not ferment.
The beekeeper encourages overproduction of honey within the hive so that the excess can be taken without endangering the bees. When sources of foods for the bees are short the beekeeper may have to feed the bees other forms of sugar so they can survive.
Honey is laid by bees as a food source. In cold weather or when food sources are scarce, bees use their stored honey as their source of energy. By contriving for the bee group to make its home in a hive, people have been able to semi-domesticate the insects. In the hive there are three types of bee: the single queen bee, a seasonally variable number of drone bees to fertilize new queens and some 20,000 to 40,000 worker bees. The worker bees raise larvae and collect the nectar that will happen to honey in the hive. They go out, collect the sugar-rich flower nectar and return to the hive. As they leave the flower, bees release Nasonov pheromones. These enable other bees to find their way to the site by smell. Honeybees also release Nasonov pheromones at the entrance to the hive, which enables returning bees to return to the proper hive. In the hive the bees use their "honey stomachs" to ingest and repeat the nectar a number of times until it is partially digested. It is then stored in the honeycomb. Nectar is high in both water content and natural yeasts which, unchecked, would reason the sugars in the nectar to ferment. After the final regurgitation, the honeycomb is left unsealed. Bees inside the hive fan their wings, creating a strong draft across the honeycomb. This enhances evaporation of much of the water from the nectar. The lessening in water content, which raises the sugar concentration, prevents fermentation. Ripe honey, as removed from the hive by the beekeeper, has a long shelf life and will not ferment.
The beekeeper encourages overproduction of honey within the hive so that the excess can be taken without endangering the bees. When sources of foods for the bees are short the beekeeper may have to feed the bees other forms of sugar so they can survive.
The beekeeper encourages overproduction of honey within the hive so that the excess can be taken without endangering the bees. When sources of foods for the bees are short the beekeeper may have to feed the bees other forms of sugar so they can survive.
Honey is laid by bees as a food source. In cold weather or when food sources are scarce, bees use their stored honey as their source of energy. By contriving for the bee group to make its home in a hive, people have been able to semi-domesticate the insects. In the hive there are three types of bee: the single queen bee, a seasonally variable number of drone bees to fertilize new queens and some 20,000 to 40,000 worker bees. The worker bees raise larvae and collect the nectar that will happen to honey in the hive. They go out, collect the sugar-rich flower nectar and return to the hive. As they leave the flower, bees release Nasonov pheromones. These enable other bees to find their way to the site by smell. Honeybees also release Nasonov pheromones at the entrance to the hive, which enables returning bees to return to the proper hive. In the hive the bees use their "honey stomachs" to ingest and repeat the nectar a number of times until it is partially digested. It is then stored in the honeycomb. Nectar is high in both water content and natural yeasts which, unchecked, would reason the sugars in the nectar to ferment. After the final regurgitation, the honeycomb is left unsealed. Bees inside the hive fan their wings, creating a strong draft across the honeycomb. This enhances evaporation of much of the water from the nectar. The lessening in water content, which raises the sugar concentration, prevents fermentation. Ripe honey, as removed from the hive by the beekeeper, has a long shelf life and will not ferment.
The beekeeper encourages overproduction of honey within the hive so that the excess can be taken without endangering the bees. When sources of foods for the bees are short the beekeeper may have to feed the bees other forms of sugar so they can survive.
Honey is laid by bees as a food source. In cold weather or when food sources are scarce, bees use their stored honey as their source of energy. By contriving for the bee group to make its home in a hive, people have been able to semi-domesticate the insects. In the hive there are three types of bee: the single queen bee, a seasonally variable number of drone bees to fertilize new queens and some 20,000 to 40,000 worker bees. The worker bees raise larvae and collect the nectar that will happen to honey in the hive. They go out, collect the sugar-rich flower nectar and return to the hive. As they leave the flower, bees release Nasonov pheromones. These enable other bees to find their way to the site by smell. Honeybees also release Nasonov pheromones at the entrance to the hive, which enables returning bees to return to the proper hive. In the hive the bees use their "honey stomachs" to ingest and repeat the nectar a number of times until it is partially digested. It is then stored in the honeycomb. Nectar is high in both water content and natural yeasts which, unchecked, would reason the sugars in the nectar to ferment. After the final regurgitation, the honeycomb is left unsealed. Bees inside the hive fan their wings, creating a strong draft across the honeycomb. This enhances evaporation of much of the water from the nectar. The lessening in water content, which raises the sugar concentration, prevents fermentation. Ripe honey, as removed from the hive by the beekeeper, has a long shelf life and will not ferment.
The beekeeper encourages overproduction of honey within the hive so that the excess can be taken without endangering the bees. When sources of foods for the bees are short the beekeeper may have to feed the bees other forms of sugar so they can survive.
Tuesday, February 27, 2007
Porridge
Porridge is a simple dish prepared by boiling oats , occasionally oatmeal or another meal in water, milk or both. Oat and semolina porridge are in different countries the most popular varieties. Some other meals used for porridge include rice, wheat, peasemeal, barley, and cornmeal.
In many cultures, it is eaten as a breakfast, often with the addition of sugar or cream. As the usual breakfast of Scotland ,it is made with salt. Some manufacturers of breakfast cereal sell "ready-made" versions; aficionados question whether these can truly be called porridge. Gruel is a thin porridge made with water.
In many cultures, it is eaten as a breakfast, often with the addition of sugar or cream. As the usual breakfast of Scotland ,it is made with salt. Some manufacturers of breakfast cereal sell "ready-made" versions; aficionados question whether these can truly be called porridge. Gruel is a thin porridge made with water.
Thursday, February 22, 2007
The Institution of Engineers
The Institution of Engineers (IEI) was established by Sir Thomas Holland and others in Madras in 1920. In 1935, it obtained the Royal Charter from King George V to promote and move ahead the art, science and practice of engineering and technology in India.
The first President of the Institution was Sir Thomas R J Ward. Sir Thomas Guthrie Russell played a key role in the winning petition for a Royal Charter. The current President is Prof S C Naik.
The organization has been prominent amongst the founder members of the Commonwealth Engineers' Council and the Federation of Engineering Institutions of South and Central Asia. The Institution has a conditional membership of the Engineers Mobility Forum since 2003.
Today, the Institution is head-quartered in Kolkata, with 94 state and local centres. With half a million members, it is one of the biggest professional bodies in the English-speaking world. Life corporate members of the Institution are accredited with the Chartered Engineer title.
The first President of the Institution was Sir Thomas R J Ward. Sir Thomas Guthrie Russell played a key role in the winning petition for a Royal Charter. The current President is Prof S C Naik.
The organization has been prominent amongst the founder members of the Commonwealth Engineers' Council and the Federation of Engineering Institutions of South and Central Asia. The Institution has a conditional membership of the Engineers Mobility Forum since 2003.
Today, the Institution is head-quartered in Kolkata, with 94 state and local centres. With half a million members, it is one of the biggest professional bodies in the English-speaking world. Life corporate members of the Institution are accredited with the Chartered Engineer title.
Sunday, February 18, 2007
Heart cancer
Heart cancer is an very rare form of cancer of the heart. Heart cancer is separated into primary tumors of the heart and secondary tumors of the heart. Most heart cancers are benign of myxomas, fibromas, rhabdomyomas and hamartomas, although malignant sarcomas (such as angiosarcoma or cardiac sarcoma) have been well-known to occur. In a learning of 12,487 autopsies performed in Hong Kong seven cardiac tumors were found, most of which were benign. However, cancer can also reach to heart from other parts of the body. In addition the heart can be affected by handling for cancer in other parts of the body.
Sunday, February 11, 2007
Diamond
Diamonds do not show all of their attractiveness as rough stones; instead, they must be cut and polished to exhibit the characteristic fire and intensity that diamond gemstones are known for. Diamonds are cut into a variety of shapes that are commonly designed to accentuate these features.Diamonds which are not cut to the specifications of round brilliant shape (or subsequent variations) are known as "fancy cuts." Popular fancy cuts include the baguette (from the French, meaning rod or loaf of bread), marquise, princess (square outline), heart, briolette (a form of the rose cut), and pear cuts. Newer cuts that have been introduced into the jewelry industry are the "cushion" "radiant"(similar to princess cuts, but with rounded edges instead of square edges) and "Asscher" cuts. Many fancy colored diamonds are now being cut according to these new styles. Generally speaking, these "fancy cuts" are not held to the same strict standards as Tolkowsky-derived round brilliants and there are less specific mathematical guidelines of angles which determine a well-cut stone. Cuts are influenced heavily by fashion: the baguette cut—which accentuates a diamond's luster and downplays its fire—was all the rage during the Art Deco period, whereas the princess cut—which accentuates a diamond's fire rather than its luster—is currently gaining popularity. The princess cut is also popular amongst diamond cutters: of all the cuts, it wastes the least of the original crystal. The past decades have seen the development of new diamond cuts, often based on a modification of an existing cut. Some of these include extra facets. These newly developed cuts are viewed by many as more of an attempt at brand differentiation by diamond sellers, than actual improvements to the state of the art
Monday, February 05, 2007
Infrared
Infrared (IR) emission is electromagnetic emission of a wavelength longer than that of noticeable light, but shorter than that of radio waves. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra, "below"), red being the color of detectable light of longest wavelength. Infrared radiation spans three instructions of magnitude and has wavelengths between about 750 nm and 1 mm.
These divisions are suitable by the different human response to this radiation: near infrared is the area closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid and far infrared are gradually further from the visible regime. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (The common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while Inga As sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). Unfortunately the international standards for these specifications are not currently obtainable.
The boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less responsive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer frequencies make irrelevant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. But particularly strong light (e.g., from lasers, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels [1]) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be apparent as red light. The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at different values typically between 700 nm and 780 nm.
These divisions are suitable by the different human response to this radiation: near infrared is the area closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid and far infrared are gradually further from the visible regime. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (The common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while Inga As sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). Unfortunately the international standards for these specifications are not currently obtainable.
The boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less responsive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer frequencies make irrelevant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. But particularly strong light (e.g., from lasers, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels [1]) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be apparent as red light. The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at different values typically between 700 nm and 780 nm.
Thursday, January 25, 2007
Journalism Basics
Journalism is a concrete, professionally oriented major that involves gathering, interpreting, distilling, and other reporting information to the general audiences through a variety of media means. Journalism majors learn about every possible kind of Journalism (including magazine, newspaper, online journalism, photojournalism, broadcast journalism, and public relations).
That's not all, though. In addition to dedicated training in writing, editing, and reporting, Journalism wants a working knowledge of history, culture, and current events. You'll more than likely be required to take up a broad range of courses that runs the range from statistics to the hard sciences to economics to history. There would also be a lot of haughty talk about professional ethics and civic responsibility too - and you'll be tested on it. To top it all off, you'll perhaps work on the university newspaper or radio station, or possibly complete an internship with a magazine or a mass media conglomerate.
That's not all, though. In addition to dedicated training in writing, editing, and reporting, Journalism wants a working knowledge of history, culture, and current events. You'll more than likely be required to take up a broad range of courses that runs the range from statistics to the hard sciences to economics to history. There would also be a lot of haughty talk about professional ethics and civic responsibility too - and you'll be tested on it. To top it all off, you'll perhaps work on the university newspaper or radio station, or possibly complete an internship with a magazine or a mass media conglomerate.
Wednesday, December 27, 2006
Socialism and social democracy
The term socialism, used from the 1830s onwards in France and England, was directly related to what was called the social question, in essence the problem that the emergence of competitive market societies did not create liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens, requiring the intervention of politics and social reform to tackle social problems, injustices and grievances a topic on which Jean-Jacques Rousseau discourses at length in his classic work The Social Contract. Originally the term socialist was often used interchangeably with co-operative, mutuality, associations and collectivist.
The term social democracy originally referred to the political project of extending democratic forms of association to the whole of society, substituting popular sovereignty, the universal franchise and social ownership for the rule of a propertied class which had exclusive voting rights.
The term social democracy originally referred to the political project of extending democratic forms of association to the whole of society, substituting popular sovereignty, the universal franchise and social ownership for the rule of a propertied class which had exclusive voting rights.
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